The first book mention the ability to stop eating animal products in 1910: No pet food by Rupert Wheldon 2 . The term vegan was designed from the first and last letters of ” Vegetarian ” in 1944 by the co-founder of the Vegan Society , Donald Watson, after the Vegetarian Society has refused to promote a lifestyle free dairy products in the magazine 2 . The word ” vegan ” is a neologism derived from English, usually spelled “vegan” in French.
Where the movement to defend animal rights emphasizes the need not to cause suffering to animals (not necessarily condemn their use) the vegan ethic to push their request not to hurt them, exploit them, or kill three . Some authors have called this approach a “call to compassion” 4 .
The first Vegan Society in the United States was founded in 1948 by Catherine Nimmo and Rubin Abramowitz. The American Vegan Society was founded by Jay Dinshah Hom (1933-2000) in 1960. He also created the magazine Ahimsa (from the Sanskrit term ahimsa suggests that the non-violence ) which was then called American Vegan . In 1975, the 23 th World Vegetarian Congress organized by Dinshah is generally considered the event that popularized vegetarianism and veganism in North America.
Definitions and origins of the term
The Vegan Society offers a definition of veganism:
“Veganism is a lifestyle that seek to exclude, as far as possible and practical, all forms of exploitation and cruelty to animals, whether for food, clothing, or for any other purpose 5 . ”
She describes individuals and vegans:
“A vegan is someone who tries to live without exploiting animals, for animals, humans and the planet. Specifically, the vegan excludes all animal products from their diet (meat, milk, eggs or honey among others). They also avoid for clothing (leather, wool, silk) and any other end 6 . ”
Includes veganism and the Vegan Society as a dimension of ecological general, beyond the concern of animal welfare.
According to the director of the International Vegetarian Union all occurrences of the term ” vegetarianism ” CORRESPOND until 1847 to describe the refusal of the exploitation of animals, whether to eat meat, eggs and or milk to make them work 7 and the change in definition is due to the Vegetarian Society , founded by several representatives of a branch of the Methodist Church ( ” Bible Christians ” ) 8 , which would have popularized the term ” vegetarianism ” in a sense of their own: for religious reasons, they did not eat animal flesh. One author of vegan French society, this is a semantic drift 9 and the invention of the term “vegan” would therefore restore again the original principle of vegetarianism.
Lifestyle
Power
Main article: veganism .
Ingredients for vegan food
The vegan or strict vegetarian, is a convenient food that, like any diet vegetarian excludes all flesh 10 animal ( meat , fish , crustaceans , molluscs , etc..) and animal products ( gelatin , etc..), and rejects, moreover, the consumption of what they produce (eggs, milk, honey, etc..). If a vegan consumes no food from the animal kingdom , it consumes, however, not only vegetable products. They also consume fungi (the kingdom Mycota / Fungi), bacteria (eg, ” bifidus “) and substances that are not from the living world car insurance (eg salt, calcium). While the National Insurance Institute and health education (INPES) says in the book “Health comes from eating” a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet can be nutritionally balanced 11 , the institute chiropractic seminars is not agree on veganism. He writes that “this type of plan makes it very difficult to satisfy the needs of essential amino acids, iron, calcium and certain vitamins. Track a long-term vegan diet poses risks to health, especially for children. ” 12 However, according to the 2003 report of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada 13 , a “well-planned vegan diet, as well as other vegetarian diets, is suitable for all life stages, including including during pregnancy, during lactation, infancy, childhood and adolescence. “But also that food supplements may be needed 14 . In the absence of vitamin B12 produced by bacteria present in animal flesh and animal by-products as livestock are fed 15 , in the power plant 16 , the Vegan Society recommends vegans, including vegan and therefore, to supplement B12 17 in order to avoid deficiencies 18 , 19 .
Clothing
A vegan does not wear clothes that caused suffering animal (leather, fur, silk …) or from their farms (wool, alpaca, cashmere …) because they are often produced intensively and conditions deplorable living for animals [ ref. desired] .
Cosmetic
A vegan cosmetics should not contain any animal ingredients, including milk, eggs and honey. Similarly, to avoid the suffering of laboratory animals (dogs, cats, rabbits, monkeys, etc …), one uses only vegan cosmetics that the finished product and raw materials that are not tested on animals.
Treatment of animals
Of battery chickens before slaughter
There are two philosophical approaches to the ethics regarding the treatment and the simple consideration of animals by humans, the utility is called a ( reformist or welfarist ) and the other is based on the notion of “natural rights” ( abolitionist ). The first is represented by Peter Singer , the other by Tom Regan and Gary Francione . In the approach supported by Singer, are the main threads of the consequence of actions while that of Regan and Francione focuses on the ethics of the action itself. To draw a parallel: the promoters of the first approach would say, for example, that lying is a bad action because it could make someone unhappy, those of the second lie is that a bad act on principle. Singer, for example, does not believe in “natural rights” that would own the animals. Reformers believe that we must weigh the consequences of the action when an animal is suffering (which makes eating an animal that would not have suffered might be acceptable), the abolitionists that animals have the same moral right to live freely as a human being 20 . The vegan involved are generally closer business email lists to the abolitionist approach that of Gary Francione, reformer, Singer.
Veganism vegetarian movement in the
For many vegans, their choice is the logical outcome of the original commitment to vegetarianism . But many vegetarians do not feel able, for various reasons (unable to go to restaurants, shopping harder and longer, the need for flexibility etc..), Of “the challenge” 21 .
Veganism in the world
A 2009 survey for The Vegetarian Resource Group reported that 1% of Americans said they were vegan 22 . In 2007, a similar survey indicated that 2% of British vegan were 23 while in 2005 The Times had 250,000 and in The Independent 600 000 2006 24 . Netherlands, The Netherlands Association for Veganism vegan 16,000 account in this country and their estimated population in 2007 to 0.1% 25 . There is no data on the proportion of vegan in France. A “vegan society” was created in Paris in 2010 26 .
Criticisms of veganism
Peter Singer
Ingrid Newkirk , president of PETA , veganism is not adapted to reality and has a position welfarist : “The absolute purists should live in a cave. Anyone who has witnessed the suffering of animals and hopes to reduce this suffering can not argue that it’s all or nothing. We must be pragmatic ” 27 .
Peter Singer , philosopher and professor of bioethics at Princeton University , is the promoter click here of the ” Paris exemption “(except Paris) 28 , which defends the need for some flexibility in certain circumstances. In 2006, he stated that the vegan movement should be more tolerant of people who use animal products, as these ensure that the animals had a decent 29 Bruce Friedrich of PETA , also said that a strict adherence to veganism can become an obsession 30 .
These positions reflect the dissension within the movement for animal rights that express different perceptions of the status of animals. The “abolitionists” representing the party that advocates for a paradigm shift on the plight of animals in our societies.
The vegetarianism is a dietary practice that excludes the consumption of animal flesh . According to the definition that is adopted, vegetarianism may include or exclude certain products from the animal kingdom such as dairy products , the eggs , the honey , etc.. When these products are excluded, we will speak of Pure vegetarianism or veganism ; otherwise, use terms such as lacto-vegetarians, ovo-vegetarianism, etc..
Some typical foods of a vegetarian diet
Summary [ hide ]
1 History
2 Global distribution
2.1 The special case of India
3 Types of vegetarianism
3.1 Special arrangements nonvegetarians
4 Nutritional balance
4.1 Proteins, carbohydrates, fat and fiber
4.1.1 Contribution of protein
4.1.2 Contribution of carbohydrates
4.1.3 Contribution of lipids
4.1.4 Contribution of dietary fiber
4.2 Contributions and vitamin deficiencies
4.3 The mineral nutrients
5 Reasons
5.1 Ethics
5.2 Law
5.3 Degradation of the animal condition
5.4 Environmental benefits
5.4.1 Natural Resource Economics
5.4.2 Environmental protection
5.4.3 Fight against global warming
5.5 Health
5.5.1 Prevention of Alzheimer’s disease
5.6 Religion
5.6.1 Religions of Indian origin ( dharmic )
5.6.1.1 Hinduism
5.6.1.2 Jainism
5.6.1.3 Buddhism
5.6.1.4 Sikhism
5.6.2 of Chinese Religions
5.6.3 Abrahamic Religions
5.6.3.1 Overview
5.6.3.2 Islam
5.6.3.3 Christianity
5.6.3.4 Rastafari
5.6.3.5 Judaism
5.7 Solidarity
5.8 Convictions similar
5.9 Aesthetics
5.10 Taste
5.10.1 Case of vegetarian family tradition
6 Reviews
6.1 Moralisation practice food
6.2 Vitamin B12 deficiency
7 In culture
7.1 Literature
7.2 Cinema
7.3 Television
8 Notes and references
9 See also
9.1 Bibliography
9.1.1 Studies on vegetarianism
9.1.2 Articles defense of vegetarianism
9.2 Related
10 External links
History
“I would never consent to sacrifice human life to the body of a lamb. I believe that a creature can least defend themselves, the more it is entitled to the protection of man against human cruelty 1 . “- Mahatma Gandhi .
The word vegetarianism appears to xix th century, this practice was called “abstinence” at first, then “xerophagy” or “vegetable diet” 2 , in the West at least, vegetarians were called previously “pythagoréens” 3 , in reference to the philosopher Pythagoras . The Vegetarian Society (who was a member MK Gandhi ), founded in 1847, writing that it has created the word vegetarian from the Latin vegetus meaning “healthy, fresh and alive,” as, for example, in the older term Homo vegetus denoting a man of sound body and mind 4 , 5 . The Oxford English Dictionary says that the word became general use after the formation of the Vegetarian Society at Ramsgate in 1847, although giving two examples of use in 1839 and 1842 6 .
The vegetarian diet has been advocated by many philosophies, including Indians ( Hindus , Jains and Buddhists , as part of the Ahimsa ) and Greek (mostly the Orphic , the Pythagorean , and the disciples of Empedocles ) and by multiple personalities and movements Jews 7 ( Essenes , for example), Christian 8 , 9 , 10 and Muslim (in the Sufism ) 11 .
The dictator Adolph Hitler called himself a vegetarian, from 1932 12 , 13 ( Vegetarianism of Adolph Hitler (in) ).
Throughout its history, the ethical and nonviolent vegetarianism has been practiced and supported by numerous figures, as the Greek philosopher Pythagoras 14 , the Indian philosopher Mahavira (and Tirthankaras ), the Sicilian philosopher Empedocles 15 , the Indian emperor Ashoka 16 , 17 , the Indian philosopher Gautama Buddha 18 , 19 , the Greek philosopher Theophrastus 20 , 21 , the Phoenician philosopher Porphyry of Tyre, 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , the Greek philosopher Apollonius of Tyana 26 , the philosopher Latin Plotinus 27 , the Greek philosopher Plutarch 28 , the Latin poet Ovid 29 , the Latin poet Horace 30 , the Latin poet Virgil, 30 , 31 , the Iranian prophet Zarathustra 30 , 32 , the Iranian prophet Mani 33 , the poet Tamil Tiruvalluvar 34 , the Hindu philosopher Adi Shankara , Hindu philosopher Madhva 35 , the Iraqi Muslim mystic Rabia al Adawiyya 30 , 36 , the Chinese emperor Wudi 37 , 38 , Japanese Emperor Tenmu 39 , the Indian king Kumârapâla 40 , 41 , 42 , the Flemish artist Peter Paul Rubens 43 , the Burmese politician Aung San Suu Kyi 44 , the Hindu philosopher Chaitanya Mahaprabhu 45 , the poet saint Kabir 46 , 11 , 47 , the Mahatma Gandhi 48 (with a clear trend to veganism 49 ), the Arab poet Abu-l-Ala al-Maari ( vegan ) 50 , Indian poet Rabindranath Tagore 51 , the physicist Albert Einstein 52 , the Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci 53 , the Indian poet and philosopher Guru Nanak 54 , 55 , the philosopher Hindu Jambeshwar Bhagavan 56 , the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy 57 , the English
philosopher David Hartley 58 , the American philosopher Amos Bronson Alcott 59 , the American physician John Harvey Kellogg 60 , the English poet Percy Shelley 61 , the British poet Lord Byron 62 , the Hindu philosopher Swaminarayan 63 , the Czech writer Franz Kafka 64 , the Irish writer George Bernard Shaw 65 , 66 , the Polish-born American writer Isaac Bashevis Singer 67 , the Israeli writer Shmuel Yosef Agnon 68 , the poet and French politician Alphonse de Lamartine 69 , the French writer Jacques-Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre 70 , 71 , French geographer Reclus 72 , the British feminist Anna Kingsford , the Belgian writer Maurice Maeterlinck 73 , 43 , the Protestant philosopher and Alsatian doctor Albert Schweitzer 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , the Iranian writer Sadeq Hedayat 78 , the Hindu philosopher AC Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada 79 , the Indian philosopher Jiddu Krishnamurti 80 , dancer and Indian politician Rukmini Devi Arundale 81 , or ‘Belgian-born writer Marguerite Yourcenar 82 .
Currently, the likes of Paul McCartney 83 associate with Olivia Harrison , Yoko Ono , Sheryl Crow , Jeff Beck , Bryan Adams , Moby and based Meat Free Monday, “a meatless day” to raise awareness of the impact of meat consumption on the ecosystem: “eat less meat for a Better World 84 . ”
Today, while meat consumption has increased fivefold since 1950 within humanity practicing zoophagie 85 , vegetarianism is experiencing a resurgence in industrialized countries 86 , for ethical reasons 87 and Green 88 .
Global distribution
Indian state of Gujarat , the state most vegetarian in the world (80% of the population).
Label used in India to distinguish vegetarian products to those who are not (which contain a dose, however small it may be, of product obtained from meat, fish or egg).
Vegetarianism is a minority practice in France with an estimated one million people 89 or approximately just under 2% of the French population 90 , but has been widely popularized in the Middle Ages in the south of France through Catharism 91 , before being fought in the Crusades and the Inquisition Catholic against the ” Albigensian “because:
In Europe , the Germany and Italy are the countries with the highest numbers of vegetarians, respectively 8 89 and 6 million people 92 . The United States in count 25 million 89 . Regarding the Middle East is Israel that has the highest percentage of vegetarians, with 8.5% of its population 93 .
The India is the country where vegetarianism is most widely practiced in the world (Indian vegetarianism excluding eggs), with a rate of about 40% of the population 94 or 450 to 500 million people 89 : it is State of Gujarat which has the highest percentage of vegetarians in India 41 , with 80% of the population 95 or over 40 million people.
There are cities in the world strictly vegetarian by law (prohibiting the sale / consumption of meat and the presence of slaughterhouses on their soil and their surroundings), most of them located in India. These are the holy cities of Hinduism or Jainism : Pushkar , Haridwar , Rishikesh 96 , Ayodhya 97 , Palitana 98 for example.
Bodh Gaya , the holy city of Buddhism , at the request of Buddhist monks – and the actor Richard Gere 99 -, could also become an area of a strictly vegetarian viewpoint Legal 100 .
The specific case of India
Vegetarianism in India is widespread and has generated unique business methods; of India , a country populated by more than one billion people, is also where the percentage of the population is the largest vegetarian. Many restaurants in India are clearly distinguishable – and markets – as “non-vegetarian” “vegetarian” or “pure vegetarian” (which refers to the lacto-vegetarian).
According to the Hindu-CNN-IBN 2006 94 , 31% of Indians are lacto-vegetarians, and 9% are lacto-ovo-vegetarians: according to this study, 40% of Indians are vegetarian in the Western sense ( no zoophagie ), about 500 million people (especially as the population of the European Union ).
Among all communities, vegetarianism is the diet most common among Hindus , with 85% of practitioners 101 (among Jains , it is necessarily 100%) and less frequent, respectively, among Muslims (3% of vegetarians) Christians (8% of vegetarians) and those living in coastal areas, fish consumers. Indian women are more likely than men to be vegetarian. Similarly, the inhabitants of southern India are more often than their northern compatriots. These same surveys indicate that even the Indians who eat meat do very rarely (less than 30% of regular users).
India has established a system of visible label on products made with ingredients strictly vegetarian: a green dot in a green square. Brand “red dot in a red square” shows that the food in question is not strictly vegetarian. Drugs are marked with a label like: well, the pill Omega-3 oils made from fish is marked with a “red dot in a red square” since it uses non-vegetarian ingredients.
Forms of vegetarianism
There are several forms of vegetarianism:
The “fruitarisme” is to eat only fruits, nuts, seeds and plant materials that can be collected without damaging plants. The principle behind this feeding method is not to destroy the plants for food, which can be avoided, to some extent, if you just harvest the ripe fruit from trees. A fruitarian can eat beans, tomatoes, cucurbits , but refuses to eat the tubers (potatoes) and spinach 102 .
The ” crudivorisme -veganism ” is not to heat food to over 48 ° C and to eat only raw fruits and vegetables, nuts and nut pastes, germ of cereals and legumes, seeds, vegetable oils, vegetables sea grass and fresh juices. The crudivores eat raw foods for health reasons.
“Ovo-lacto-vegetarian” , the most common practice in Western countries 103 , includes eggs, dairy products (cheese, butter, yogurt …) and honey.
“Lacto-vegetarian” (or “vegetarian Indian “) includes dairy products but excludes eggs 104 .
“Ovo-vegetarianism” , unlike the lacto-vegetarian, no no hair removal reviews but excludes all dairy products including eggs 105 .
The ” vegan ” eat only plants (more minerals or microorganisms such as yeast or bacteria ) and avoid consumption of any product derived from animal exploitation (including eggs, milk, cheese and honey).
The ” vegan ” applies to those who in addition to being vegan, avoid using all animal products (leather, wool, fur , beeswax and cosmetic products tested on animals for example) 106 . A vegan will only accept products from non-suffering of an animal, vegetable, mineral or micro-organisms (not tested on animals).
Some people call themselves vegetarians but eat the Medical Billing flesh of birds (“birds”), seafood, or fish 107 . In this case, we speak instead of “semi-vegetarianism” 108 .
Cheeses made with animal enzymes (like rennet ) whose production requires the death of the animal, read more of the story here gelatin (E441), or eggs produced by factory farms (chickens typically raised in battery cages) are also generally proscribed by vegetarians.
Special arrangements nonvegetarians
Food of plant origin
The following diets are not vegetarians but close to it:
The ” flexitarisme ” , is to introduce occasional animal products in a largely vegetarian diet.
The ” pescetarisme ” (or “Pesco-vegetarianism” ), which includes products from the sea ( fish and seafood) is the system practiced by the physician Andrew Weil, MD and recommended in his book Eating Well for Optimum Health get your ex back ( Good nutrition for optimal health ). The latter approaches the practice of Catholics for food Friday Lent and more traditionally, every Friday. Many people, though considering themselves themselves as vegetarian, include fish or poultry in their diet, maintaining the confusion between Pesco-vegetarianism and vegetarianism.
The approach ” macrobiotics ” was defined by George Ohsawa : it is a food a philosophical discipline based on the principle of yin and yang . This system consists of ten ways to eat with numbers: -3, -2, -1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. -3 To 3 levels are not vegetarians. Nos. 4-7 are vegans and do not include salads, raw vegetables and fruits. A macrobiotic diet can navigate between all levels and is not necessarily vegetarian or vegan.
Nutritional balance
Vegetarianism is a diet that contains no more risk of a deficiency diet zoophagous if it is sufficiently diversified. This diversification must primarily address the sources of protein ( beans , and lentils contain much (21-24%), and soybeans , for example, contains 35-37% protein, against 17% in beef: in fact , plants containing many proteins contribute more than meat).
The vegan proscribing not only animal flesh but also products derived from livestock such as milk and eggs, should be alert to the diversification of their diet in terms of vitamin b12, and may use supplements food. As in other diets, deficiencies in certain nutrients may occur if power is not sufficiently varied 109 .
The food industry uses many substances from animals that do not allow a vegetarian diet when they enter the very composition of the food (additives), or a vegan diet when these commodities are used for food production.
As with all diets, the intake of a vegetarian diet should be mainly composed of proteins, carbohydrates and fat but blu cig also contain substances such as vitamins and minerals in small quantities. The fibers on the other hand are not assimilated in the digestion but participate in its success.
Proteins, carbohydrates, fat and fiber
Protein intake
Thali classic of Uttar Pradesh (vegetarian), nutritionally balanced, with rice , bread Naan , the Dal ( Kansas City carpet cleaning lentils – which make proteins), the Raita (cream), the Shahi paneer , and salad .
The proteins are polymers made up of smaller molecules, amino acids. There are twenty different amino acids of which eight are considered essential for humans (nine infants). These essential amino acids can be synthesized by the body from other molecules and absolutely must runescape gold be provided by diet. If the animal proteins are complete, that is to say, provide the essential amino acids in proportions corresponding to human needs, most plant proteins are incomplete, one or more essential amino acids missing their 110 . For example, zein, the principal protein of maize does not contain lysine 111 .
However, the essential amino acids can easily be obtained in sufficient quantity by the combination of different plant foods such as cereal and a legume . This association is also found in many traditional dishes from around the world 112 . Only a few plant species contain all the amino acids (including key words) in sufficient quantity and balanced: the quinoa , the hemp seed and amaranthus . Therefore, to address possible deficiencies in a vegetarian or vegan , some dietary recommendations are common. In particular, the association of cereal (low in essential amino acid called lysine , whose needs are high during growth) and legumes (for their poor in methionine ) 113 . On the other hand, some nutritionists recommend to ensure that the eight essential amino acids are all present during digestion (small intestine), otherwise protein synthesis is blocked 114 ; other nuance and feel sufficient that cereal-legume combination occurs during a single day 115 . Other essential amino acids are present in good amounts in most plant protein sources. The American Dietetic Association says: ” By themselves, the plant sources of protein can provide adequate amounts of amino acids if eaten in various ways and that energy needs are met . ”
Carbohydrate intake
Plants such as cereals, roots, fruits and vegetables are rich in carbohydrates . As with any diet, it is necessary to minimize the intake of simple sugars and give priority to contributions in carbohydrates . Indeed, simple sugars, including the sucrose , commonly called sugar, consumed in excess could cause weight gain and development of diseases such as diabetes. Most fruits, however, although high in simple sugars also provide lots of vitamins and fiber 116 . By cons, confectionery, jams, may not contain material of animal origin but are none the less, by their wealth into simple sugars, consume in small quantities.
Fat intake
Intakes of fat are not problematic in the context of a vegetarian or vegan diet. Indeed, the only deficiency as possible can come free ipad 3 from the absence of certain unsaturated fatty acids called essential because they are not produced by the body. This is for example the case of linoleic acid 111 . However, most vegetable oils allow an adequate intake of these essential fatty acids.
Fats of vegetable origin are also much healthier for the body than those from animals, because they prevent cardiovascular disease 117 and prevent the development of atherosclerosis 117 .
Dietary fiber intake
Essential to the success of intestinal digestion, the dietary fiber found on the other hand in large quantities in almost all fruits, vegetables and cereals.
Intake and vitamin deficiencies
The provitamin A , found in many roots and tubers, is converted into vitamin A in the walls of the intestine.
Aside from the vitamin B 12 (see below), B vitamins are all easily in the plant kingdom. Vegetables, cereals, legumes and nuts contain good amounts of.
The vitamin B 12 (or cobalamin ) is a particular problem and can be found in milk and eggs, but this contribution may be insufficient, except for a vegetarian who consumes large quantities. It is recommended for vegans, but also for lacto-ovo-vegetarian, to ensure a contribution in the form of dietary supplement.
The vitamin C is abundant in fruits and vegetables.
The vitamin D is not present in plants, but it is made by the skin during sun exposure. Supplementation may be recommended in the case of people with dark skin (which produces less vitamin D) and / or exposing themselves to some sun, especially for children. Vitamin D (plant) is also sometimes supplementation in some commercial foods. Lacto-ovo-vegetarians will also find in the dairy and, to a lesser extent, in eggs.
Vegetable oils and wheat bran are excellent sources of vitamin E .
Green vegetables and dairy products contain vitamin K in large quantities.
Mineral nutrients
The calcium is present in all plants, especially in the leafy parts, eg in spinach. The broccoli and other types of cabbage are also high. Soy milk and yogurt commercial soy are often supplemented with calcium at the same rate as cow’s milk (about 1200 mg / l). Some mineral waters and tap water in some areas, they are also an important source. Purees oilseeds like mashed almonds or sesame complete contain large amounts of calcium. Cow’s milk is a rich source for lacto-vegetarians.
Legumes such as lentils, beans or peas are good sources of iron . Ditto for purees oilseeds (almonds, sesame …), molasses or raw sugar. Although non-heme, the iron from plant sources is absorbed by the body with vitamin C.
Seaweed and iodized salt are significant sources of iodine in the diet. The plants are in a random source, depending on their wealth of iodine from the land where they grow.
The magnesium is found in vegetables and fruits like bananas and almonds.
Among the sources of manganese , can include rice (mostly complete), the lawyer or the eggs.
The selenium is found in mushrooms, endive and garlic.
In the plant world, the zinc is mainly found in nuts and almonds. They are also found in dairy products.
Many trace elements, minerals and chemical elements, which include fluorine, copper, chromium and bromine, are present in mineral water or spring water.
Motivations
The decision to become vegetarian can be due to a combination of reasons:
Ethics
Stencil vegetarian, Le Mans , 2007
“Ethical vegetarians” consider that the majority of the world population does not eat meat that traditionally, for convenience, by mere habit or pleasure. These justifications do not appear sufficient for their suffering caused by meat production, in agreement with Rabindranath Tagore (the first Nobel Prize for Literature of Asia , in 1913 ), who said about it [citation needed] .
This type of vegetarianism is often associated with the movement of animal liberation , even if all ethical vegetarians do not subscribe to this notion of law of the animal. However, this ethic can have no other source philosophy and has been since the ancient times , so the philosopher and priest of Apollo at Delphi , Plutarch , and the poet Latin Ovid (referring to Pythagoras ), advocate vegetarianism as a ethically.
The philosopher Peter Singer , author of Animal Liberation .
The antispécisme is a philosophical and political movement which believes that all beings sensitive (capable of feeling pain, pleasure and other sensations and emotions) are equal in a moral sense, and therefore the interests of a non-human animal not to suffer or to live a happy and satisfying life are as important as interest equivalent of a human. Therefore, according to this movement, speciesism is an arbitrary discrimination based on the species , just as racism is an arbitrary discrimination based on race and sexism arbitrary discrimination based on sex. On this issue, Peter Singer , philosopher famous utilitarian , quotes the philosopher Jeremy Bentham , who wrote, referring to the Code Noir of Louis XIV governing slavery 118 : [citation needed]
Peter Singer takes the statement to his account by saying: “A chimpanzee or a pig , for example, is much closer to the model to be autonomous and rational a newborn “and push the argument further by stating: “if it is not acceptable to take the life of an abandoned child who suffered brain damage, it is not acceptable to kill a dog or a pig on a mental level equivalent 119 . ” This last statement, linked to a parallel debate it has generated on the distinction between “equal consideration of interests and equal treatment” has given rise to controversies and various critical, especially in Christian circles 120 .
This criticism is more broadly than the ” posthumanism “, which has grown with some social scientists who take their source in the thought of Rousseau and that Claude Levi-Strauss , for example, the most illustrious representative: [quote required]
Other motivations, more precise in defining ethics exist, as the principle of nonviolence , which is why majority of vegetarianism for mankind the practitioner, which is majority Hindu (the “nonviolence” original, or the ahimsa , basic political life in society Hindu according to the Laws of Manu 121 , is synonymous of vegetarianism / veganism / vegan ), or the desire to upgrade the death and suffering until then trivialized:
Right
Tom Regan
Vegetarianism is the practice may be motivated by the law – defined as “all the rules that govern the conduct of man in society, social relations 122 “, as part of the right course considering the necessary rights of animals .
Vegetarianism (or refrain from killing / eating an animal), as standard to ensure compliance with laws, existed since the ancient times , with, in India , the edicts of Emperor Ashoka (c. 304 BC. BC – 232 BC.), in Gujarat , the king’s laws Jain Kumârapâla (1143-1172) 40 , 41 , 42 , and, in Japan , the laws enacted (in 676 AD. J .-C.) by Emperor Temmu 39 for example, but also in Europe at the time pre-Socratic , with in particular Pythagoras and Empedocles 123 :
Today is the American philosopher Tom Regan , professor at State University of North Carolina (in 1993 and president of the American Society for Value Inquiry ), which is famous for his defense of vegetarianism and animals under the law, first, it rests, to develop his theory of law, on account of mental life of animals, considered according to their degree of complexity, and arrives at this assessment:
This view is shared (but extended to every living being sensitive and not just animals that have complex cognitive capacities of 43 ) by a law professor at State University of New Jersey – Gary Francione 43 , who writes 124 :
Degradation of the animal condition
Pigs reared above ground.
The “savagery” of domestic animals (cow, for example, known around the world to be a pet of great sweetness, an animal becomes aggressive in the West against humans, because it is no longer milking by hand, but by machines, not knowing and no relation to men) 125 ;
“Madness animal”, meaning an intense malaise and prolonged (the hens in cages peck each other, which “requires” the removal (pain) of their beak , the pigs , if they are not incarcerated in stalls that deprive them completely movements but more “large” cages, – s’ self-harm , etc..) 125 ;
And inbreeding , which causes the retardation (or vulnerability) physical and mental health of livestock or so-called “race”, “the official definition of an individual nonconsanguineous: his parents, have no common ancestor five generations [:] There are fewer and fewer animals that (…) are not blood today: (…) All in the name of the economy . Parallel (…) the ellipsis (…) has failed to prevent the genetic impoverishment (…) 126 . ”
Environmental interest
Related article: Environmental impact of meat production .
Natural Resource Economics
Great Auk , example of extinct due to hunting / her consumption of meat by humans.
The World Watch Institute considers that the production of meat and animal products in the amount present and likely future is not sustainable in terms of the environment from the perspective of sustainable development 127 . John Mayer, nutritionist of the Harvard University estimates that if meat consumption in the U.S. declined 10%, U.S. agriculture could feed grains and vegetables of nearly 60 million people worldwide 128 .
Water is becoming a resource increasingly scarce in many parts of the world. Its excessive consumption by humans damages rivers and ecosystems and leads to salinity and desertification . A vegetarian diet uses substantially less water than a diet based on meat.
Preservation of the environment
Hens kept in battery hens
The battery farming , while using less land, or fattening animals outdoors (the rarest) require large amounts of food (such as monoculture ) to be grown on large tracts of land ( which requires deforestation, as meat consumption increases worldwide): 38% of the forests of the Amazon have been destroyed for cattle feeding 129 and at least 100 species die each day due to deforestation 129 : “the main reason of extinction of species is mostly attributed to the loss of areas of high density and endemism such as forests in Brazil or the forests of Madagascar , which were reduced by 90% of their original size during the past four years 129 . ”
The raising and feeding cattle for fattening use 78% of global agricultural land 130 . With a hectare of land devoted to growing fruits and vegetables, you can feed thirty people, but only if five people the same hectare is used to produce eggs or white meat, and much less if it produces only Red Meat 131 . It should also be 7 to 10 kg of plant protein to make one kilogram of animal protein 132 .
The overfishing and trawling are also destructive to marine ecosystems. In doing so, 90% of large fish ( tuna , swordfish , marlin , cod , halibut , skate and flounder ) have been overfished and are consequently endangered species 133 .
Fight against global warming
Animal proteins require greater expenditure of fossil energy , eight times more than for a comparable amount of plant protein. The consumption of fossil fuels produces carbon dioxide , a greenhouse gas . Animal production also produces manure , which, although it is a base of compost , releases of methane . The United States (the largest emitter of greenhouse gases), cattle produce about 20% of total emissions of methane . One tonne of methane has a potential global warming by 23 tons of carbon dioxide.
A vegetarian diet is also a way to fight against global warming: the ratio (energy) to produce one kilogram of meat is 100 times greater than for the same amount of grain 134 . Animals such as cows produce 100 g / day of methane , a greenhouse gas 26 times greater than CO 2 . Different farming can be made under industrial products, less fertilizer, less waste.
According to the journalist Fabrice Nicolino : “A report by the FAO (UN agency for agriculture) establishes that the world’s livestock emits more greenhouse gases than all transportation (land, air, http://www.insuranceforcriticalillness.co.uk/ sea) in the world . Taking into account the entire chain of meat production, this represents 18% of greenhouse gas emissions produced by man … A major cause of global warming 132 . ”
In May 2009, Ghent became the “first [city] in the world to become vegetarian at least once a week”, when local authorities decided to establish a “weekly day without meat.” Officials, politicians and other officials would eat vegetarian one day a week, in recognition of the UN report. Public signs prompted the population to participate in “vegetarian days,” and city maps showing the vegetarian restaurants were printed. From September 2009, the city schools have a veggiedag (“Vegetarian Day”) weekly also 135 .
Health
Store on the road to Manali , India .
According to the book by John Robbins, The Food Revolution , vegetarians and vegans live on average 6-10 years older than the rest of the population 136 . Many statistics show that a vegetarian diet reduces the risk of developing cardiovascular disease 117 , certain cancers 137 , the osteoporosis , the asthma , the arthritis 117 , the diabetes 138 and obesity 139 . The American Dietetic Association says: “Even if external factors such as physical activity and refraining from smoking and drinking alcohol may play a role, a meatless diet is clearly a contributing factor to reduce the morbidity and mortality from several chronic degenerative diseases “and considers that the vegetarian diet is effective in preventing and treating many diseases 140 . Excessive consumption of meat and offal is also associated with the onset of gout (buildup of uric acid ).
Some researchers such as Dean Ornish have achieved positive results in treating heart disease in some patients with a strict vegetarian diet and a program to reduce stress . Nutritional concerns also encourage schemes to promote fruits, vegetables and cereals and minimizing meat and fat intake but did not prohibit 141 .
Vegetarianism may cause deficiencies in raspberry ketones vitamin B12 142 and D, or iron 143 . But the theory that the large amount of iron in animal foods is also easily absorbed is controversial 144 . With regard to proteins, they are not only meat but also dairy products, eggs, bread , the spirulina and protein crops ( lentils , rice , beans , chickpeas , soy , quinoa ).
It is sometimes argued that if the standard diet of a human is undeniably Western omnivore and it adapts very well, the debate on the physiology of type omnivorous the human is not over 145 . The teeth of humans – moderately strong jaws and sharp canines, not small – comparable to those of frugivorous primates (which, if consumed on the occasion of meat, are inherently frugivores). And Georges Cuvier 146 , Charles Giraud 147 or Charles Darwin 148 (among others) considered as the frugivorous diet is most naturally suited to the physiology of the human. Moreover, the physiology of man is very different from that of monogastric carnivores. If, unlike herbivores and granivores, humans do not have a stomach -specific plant nutrition (her gallbladder is exhausted in the digestion of vegetable oils), the intestine is ten to twelve times the length of her body, against four or five times in the carnivore.
Today, some industrially produced meat contains traces of industrial products ingested by animals or they are inoculated during their lives ( growth hormones , antibiotics , contraceptives and pesticides ). Note that the use of hormones (growth or other), common in the U.S., is banned in Canada and France. Meat from animals raised with hormones (including cows and pigs fattened and the salmon farming) contains higher proportions of fat and nutritionally less important than the meat of animals living freely in their natural environment. This reality led some people to become vegetarian 149 .
Prevention of Alzheimer’s disease
Given the similarities of symptoms (of dementia ) and the causes of these serious diseases that are the Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (human equivalent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy ) and that of Alzheimer’s (which two of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the accumulation of aggregates of protein – albeit in different kinds 150 – forming degeneration in the brain, few clinical studies tend to show that consumption of meat (including fish 151 ) in large quantities would facilitate the development of Alzheimer’s disease 152 , 139 , 153 , 138 , 154 .
It relies in particular in some studies the role of methionine, converted into homocysteine by the intermediary metabolism. Hyperhomocysteinemia is a factor increasing cardiovascular risk, and would seem to play a role in causing Alzheimer’s disease. However it is necessary to recall that the amino acid methionine is absolutely essential to life, that when it is consumed in normal quantities corporate reputation management does not pose a public health problem. [ref. required]
According to some theories, the rising number of cases the developing Alzheimer’s disease may reflect the increase in meat consumption in the world 139 : well, a search of the American Society for Nutrition , for populations of Latin America of China and India , concludes that “meat consumption was higher among those that have been diagnosed with a dementia ” 155 .
In doing so, people Indian practicing vegetarianism (for generations) have a rate of individuals affected by Alzheimer’s disease which is the lowest recorded in the world 156 , 137 .
Religion
Main article: Religion and Power .
Religions of Indian origin ( dharmic )
Many religions, including Buddhism , the Hinduism , and especially Jainism , teach that all life should have a value and should not be willfully destroyed for unnecessary human gratification.
Hinduism
Main articles: Ahimsa , Sacred cow and Bishnoi .
Main article: Vegetarianism Hindu .
Hindu prayer facing two cows
The Ahimsa is the philosophical notion of Indian religions (of Hinduism , of Buddhism and Jainism ) which introduces vegetarianism as standard in food. The Ahimsa is a value that recommends non-violence and respect for all life, human, animal or plant (as is in Bishnoi ). Ahimsa is often translated by non-violence or non-harm to the towards all living beings or respect for life in all its forms. The root Sanskrit is hims (“harm”) with the private “a”. Ahimsa is based on Vedic injunction:
“माहिंस्यात सर्व् – भुतानि – mâhimsyât sarva-bhoutâni – that would Income Protection Insurance harm any living being ”
As part of Hinduism, the term ahimsa appears written for the first time in the Upanishads and the Raja-Yoga . This is the first of five yama or eternal vows, restrictions Essentials Yoga (Ahimsa does not bring the state to any specific yogic, but is considered the first step necessary for any legal “gentleman” 157 ). In this connection, Bhishma says in the Mahabharata .
Alcohols and non-vegetarian food (meat, fish, eggs) are banned in Haridwar , as in almost all the holy cities of Hinduism .
Ascetic ( sadhu ) with a calf : in Hinduism, the refusal to eat meat of cow, the animal seen as generous by excellence , is considered the first step to total vegetarianism 158
Belief in reincarnation is central to the philosophical developments of Jainism, Buddhism and Hinduism, and in this belief system, the soul ( atman , anima “breath,” life principle, conscience) can s embody the form of plants, animals, or humans.
CNN reports that 85% of the Hindu population follows a vegetarian diet 101 (no meat, fish or eggs, eggs are considered non-vegetarian foods in India 159 ). This diet mainly based on a food-based dairy products and green, is highly practiced in the Orthodox communities of South India, in some northern states like Gujarat or from south to Karnataka where the influence of Jains is significant. Some avoid the onion and garlic , regarded as having properties rajas , that is to say, “passionate”.
The svadharma (the Dharma personnel) includes vegetarianism Brahmins, the Brahmin being called to lead a life absolutely pure. Hinduism encourages vegetarianism 160 . Consumption of meat, fish (and fertilized egg) is not promoted, – only tolerated, tolerated within the ranks that Hinduism has assigned as the Vedas: lower non-friendly Ahimsa and impure compared to a vegetarian diet 161 . Some Brahmins are also vegan and consume no animal products (milk, etc..).
From the sixth century BC. BC, the Upanishads point out that animals and humans are brothers, since all their host by the atman , and therefore are the sanctuaries of Brahman . In this religious conception, every living being seen as the sanctuary of the atman, no temple of the Soul is dedicated to it, unlike other deities such as Vishnu or Shiva . In most of Hindu holy cities, there is a ban on all non-vegetarian food and all alcohol, and there is a legal prohibition on the slaughter of cows in almost all states of India. The leather of a cow died of natural causes, however, is accepted.
Jainism
Temple Jain , religion based on the Ahimsa (nonviolence), leather goods or other non-vegetarians are strictly prohibited from entering.
Main article: Parasparopagraho Jivanam .
All dietary rules listed for Hindus apply to Jains . In addition to the prohibition of eating eggs, fish or meat, they must take into account the suffering caused to plants and Suksma jiva ( Sanskrit : subtle lifeforms , which will later be called micro-organisms ) in their food choices. Some Jains, according to the doctrine of the sect of Jainism or branch to which they belong, avoid eating the most root vegetables such as potatoes.
Buddhism
Main article: Buddhist Vegetarianism .
Schools of Buddhism ( Mahayana particularly) are asking their followers to be vegetarian at least, other Buddhist schools do not require vegetarianism, but the advise, it is nevertheless the Buddha to whom we must strengthen this practice in India, through the Emperor Ashoka . According to the Vinaya (monastic code of Theravada ), the monks are required to eat any food they are given, including meat (but do not seek to consume no more: for Buddhist monks must promote vegetarianism – nonviolence towards animals – around them), except when the animal was killed for them or belongs to the list of prohibited animals ( human , elephant , horse , dog , snake , lion , tiger , panther , bear and hyena ) 162 . Recently, the Tibetans are profoundly changing their eating habits and becoming more and more vegetarian. They follow the advice of the 14 th Dalai Lama and the 17 th Karmapa , who gave in 2007 and 2008 instructions on the benefits of not eating meat so as not to cause suffering to animals 163 , 164 . In the Tibet Autonomous Region , and in Kham , and Amdo , vegetarian restaurants are opening 165 .
Sikhism
Religions of Chinese origin
In Chinese societies, the normal diet, old (素食) refers to a regime associated with monks Taoist , and sometimes practiced by the population during Taoist festivals. The term used for these practitioners is translated as ” vegetarian “. This diet rejects meat, eggs and milk, but includes oysters and its derivatives.
Movements neo- Confucian ask his followers to follow a vegetarian diet, as Ikuan Tao .
Abrahamic religions
Overview
To the Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Rastafarianism), the first man, Adam, was a vegetarian / vegan ( ceiling of the Sistine Chapel , the Vatican by Michelangelo ).
For Judaism , the Christianity , the Rastafari and Islam , which have a common cultural background on the history of mankind – that in relation to the Bible – that vegetarianism / veganism was originally the practice of food mankind (see Genesis , I: 29 ) and the rest of the animal (Genesis I: 30), vegetarianism that existed at the Garden of Eden to the Flood , which means that, for these religions, the first human beings created by God, – Adam and Eve – and their descendants, were vegetarians / vegans, and for ten generations 166 . Taking into account the Bible Hebrew original, devoid of interpretations “Catholic” or anthropocentric (the Catholic God would become man for the only men 123 ), interpretations influenced by the Church Fathers fighting belief in the metempsychosis 123 (related to Manichaeism , in Pythagoreanism , to Empedocles , the righteousness 167 ), by the influence of Neoplatonism, which instills a rift between humans and other creatures, 168 , and reconciliations between the metaphorical demons and beasts 168 (the serpent of Original Sin was identified relatively late to the devil that the Genesis was not 168 ), note, then, that in early Judaism, dominion over the fish and birds by Adam and his vegetarian successors is that the order of the concept and practice of non- 168 , 169 , the title of king of the animals being honorific, Genesis does not indicate anywhere they need to be directed or they must be to fulfill their destinies, that they also rent out their way to God ( Psalms , CXLVIII: 10) 168 .
For followers of the saint poet Kabir (which are 9.6 million), the Bible (which is also one of their holy book, the Koran , the Vedas , the Puranas and the Bhagavad Gita ), ordered to be vegetarian 170 .
Islam
In Islam , there is no prohibition in being air bed reviews vegetarian 171 , 172 (the latter eating perfectly halal ), although this practice remains uncommon in the Muslim world, however, vegetarianism is gaining adherents in the ground Arab and Muslim 173 , because it is not halal to raise an animal as a machine, and also that animals deserve compassion, since they, like men, creatures of God 171 . Like Christianity and Judaism , Islam asserts that God created animals 174 . But unlike Christianity, Islam looks green smoke coupon closely at the animal 168 :
In Animals in Islam , Al-Hafiz Basheer Ahmad Masri, who was the imam of the Shah Jahan Mosque in Woking, the United Kingdom from 1964 to 1968, wrote:
the Muslim Sufi Bawa Muhaiyaddeen
According to the Koran (21, 107), Muhammad was sent as “relief of all creation 175 . ” Some objections to vegetarianism in Islam could come from the fact that a practice such as Eid el-Kebir is incompatible with vegetarianism; what Masri retorts: “During the early days of Islam, the tradition of offering animals had a meaning. The meat was then an essential ingredient in human food, and no crumb was not lost. Nowadays, kill [animals] has become an empty ritual, and meaning [of the Act] has been forgotten. ”
In addition, Soheib Bencheikh , Grand Mufti of Marseille , said the sacrifice of a sheep on the occasion of Eid al-Adha, “is neither a pillar of Islam, nor a major obligation comparable to the prayer or fasting of Ramadan “, adding that Islamic law can replace this act with” a gift made in a country where people do not eat their fill, which is more consistent with the spirit of sharing that has this practice 175 “, especially when we know that agriculture produces most of its cereal production to fatten animals for meat, while human beings suffer from hunger and undernourishment by the world 173 .
Moreover, there is a tradition of vegetarianism in Islam, especially related to Sufism 176 . The great Saints Sufis of the past were vegetarians, as Mirdad , who declared: “Those who follow the spiritual path must never forget that if they eat the flesh, they will have to pay this act of their own flesh 177 “The teachings of the Muslim Indian and poet-saint Kabir , of Inayat Khan and Sri Lankan Bawa Muhaiyaddeen encourage vegetarianism 178 .
The historian William Montgomery Watt states that the goodness of Muhammad to animals was remarkable when taking into account the social context of education. He cites a case in which Muhammad sent sentries to ensure that a bitch with her newborn puppies were not bothered by his army traveling to Mecca in the year 630 179 .
Muhammad is also reported to have said (according to Ibn Omar and Abdullah bin Al-As ): “No man who kills even a sparrow or anything smaller, is not with the merits, and Allah will question on this subject [ Judgment Day], “and” Whoever is pleasing to God’s creatures is nice with him. » 180 181
Muhammad also said: “For the good work given to every creature with a heart wet [that is to say, alive], there is a reward. ” 180 ; Muhammad opposed recreational hunting, saying, “who tries to shoot a living creature for sport is cursed. 180 ”
In both texts Sunni as Shiite , was the fact that Muhammad was talking casually with camels , of birds and other animals. Shiite texts extend this gift to include the Imams. In a hadith says a camel came to see Muhammad , complaining that despite his dedicated service to his owner, he was about to be killed. Muhammad then called the owner and ordered the man to save the camel 182 . It is reported in the Qur’an that Solomon spoke to ants 183 and birds 184 , 185 , and Ismaili Shi’a imams say they can communicate with anything that has a soul, a life, any creature.
As some members of Sufism , the poet saint Kabir believes that Muhammad was a vegetarian, but the mullah did not follow his example (the law of Mullah Kabir is not for the law of Allah ) 186 .
Christianity 
For followers of the Orthodox Church or Churches of the three councils , as the Coptic Orthodox Church , there are many long periods where supply products from the animal kingdom is strictly prohibited ( vegan ), and even to clothing or use of any product from the animal kingdom ( veganism ). Contrary to orthodox Christianity , in terms of Catholicism , for example (as opposed to the Cathars ), which removes any forbidden food (whether that of the Jews (eg pork) or that of the pagans (the Egyptians , Sabians and many other idolatrous nations avoided killing and eating sheep , and goats , and cattle ) 123 ), the first council of Braga , to 561, states in his canon 14:
Second, some orders Christians (the Trappists , the Chartreux , the Benedictine 10 , the Desert Fathers and all the monastic orders of Orthodox Christianity ), esoteric Christianity as the Rosicrucian Fellowship and the Christian Anarchism (represented for example by Leon Tolstoy ), and the flows of Christianity such as the Cathars and the Seventh Day Adventists , encourage vegetarianism.
Main article: Catharism # rejection of meat diet .
Recall that the Vegetarian Society , the first vegetarian organization ( vegan de facto ) in the world, was founded in 1847 by Christian evangelicals in Britain 187 (student, Gandhi joined it). If vegetarianism is based on a Christian perspective, the biblical references are mostly the same as those of Jews and Rastafarians developed below (since the Jewish Messianic era ( vegan ) is for Christians and Rastafarians to the return of Jesus on land).
Rastafari
Main article: Ital .
The Rastafarians generally follow a diet called Ital and whose norm is vegetarian 188 , 189 or vegetarian / vegan 190 , so as not to make the body a ” graveyard ” 191 ; they also avoid the eating of food that has been artificially preserved, flavored, or chemically altered. The refusal of meat (or even dairy) in Rastafarianism refers to the written Bible :
Judaism
Some specialize in Torah , as the rabbis Bonnie Koppel, Rami Shapiro and Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog , former chief rabbi of Israel 7 , the original purpose of God was for man to be vegetarian because vegetarianism dental assistant schools is the ultimate meaning moral teachings of the Bible 7 . For them, God later gave permission for man to eat meat because of their weakness (the propensity to murder is part of their new nature 123 ), but the ideal or the final will of God for men would they are vegetarians. The Bible also argues that man can eat animals killed, but following the rules of ritual sacrifice (in Judaism and Islam ), because otherwise killing animals is murder .
In the Bible, God has allowed following the Flood meat consumption (because there were more plants, according to the Polish rabbi Yitzhak Hebenstreit, in his book Kivrot Hata’avah ), which nevertheless induces permission compliance, in terms of Judaism (and Islam) always, food taboos and rules embodied in the kosher and which indicate a major complication in meat consumption (whose number is limited), the Tanakh ( Old Testament) also suggesting caution on the certainty of the ultimate fate of the creatures:
Moreover, after the Flood God enunciated the Noachide laws (valid for all men) that prohibit eating a piece of meat at the cost of a mutilation, a vivisection 123 . Moses Maimonides , in his book Guide for the Perplexed , also points in this connection that it is the desire of suffering physical and “moral” of the animal that reflects these sacred rules 123 .
About the Talmud (Avodah Zorah 18b) which says: “Great importance is attached to the humane treatment of animals, as is it is said that the fundamental human virtue,” Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch in Horeb ( Chapter 60, Section 416), adds: “Here you are faced with God’s teaching, which obliges you not only to abstain from inflicting suffering to any animal, but to help and when you can, to reduce suffering when you see an animal suffering, even if it is not your fault. “For some Jews , since the reduction of animals in a state of “things” or “production machines” in the current state of the world, with all that this entails, vegetarianism / veganism is seen as a mitzvah de facto 192 , 193 . Thus, the former chief rabbi of Ireland , Rabbi David Shlomo Rosen – himself a vegetarian – believes that eating meat today is prohibited by halacha : “The cruelty of the treatment Today the animals in the livestock trade in meat consumption makes absolutely unacceptable from a halachic perspective as the product of illegitimate means 194 , 195 . ”
Anyway, the reign of the Messiah ( Isaiah , 11) announcement for some famous rabbis like Rav Kook , and Isaac Arama (and for Rastafarians and black hebrew ) a return to vegetarianism / veganism worldwide and practiced before the Flood , vegetarianism extending even to creatures that might be carnivorous (and 196 at the earthly paradise ; Genesis : I: 30), to give the show a universal brotherhood.
Solidarity
There, among the arguments made by some vegetarians, that of moral solidarity with the peoples of the Third World and exploited men. Indeed, grain for livestock feed are often grown in Western countries in the Third World when they could be assigned directly to the consumption of local populations (as in 1985, during the famine (by more than one million dead), during which the Ethiopia continued to export grain to the feedlot English 197 ):
According to Fabrice Nicolino , the regular meat diet is possible only for a minority of people who have enough income to buy, but the widespread globally such a diet is impossible, and the show growing human populations suffering from hunger , becomes a scandal, because, at the same time, it is well to fatten up an animal – when the student for meat: “We never counted many people affected by famine. They are more than a billion today. At the same time, meat consumption explodes. (…) When you know cna classes it takes 7 to 10 kilos of vegetable protein for one kilo of animal protein, the question of where does one find these plants to feed the livestock. Nobody can answer that question today. He must choose between feeding humans or animals … 132 ”
According to the Ministry of India ‘s agriculture , one hectare of arable land to produce 20 tons of potatoes , against only 50 kg of meat 198 . In India , a vegetarian diet is considered one of the solutions to undernutrition, but the lobbies of factory farming and landowners are pushing in the opposite direction 199 .
Desmond Morris , as part of the trace of Plutarch and Montaigne 123 , a suggestion of the obligation to respect the animals would most intolerable behavior as citizens of democratic countries allow themselves vis-à-vis other men that they operate as slaves or left to starve 200 , which echoes this passage in Milan Kundera , in the unbearable lightness of being (p.420-421):
Similar beliefs
While vegetarianism is generally defined strictly as the base diet, many vegetarians motivated religiously, ethically or for reasons related to the environment (with the Animal Liberation movements and Green parties ) seek to minimize damage to animals in various ways.
Many vegetarians consider avoiding products made from body parts of an animal (leather, tallow, soap ) is part of their definition of vegetarianism (the strict avoidance is the veganism ). Others consider leather made from animals that died of natural causes as acceptable. As this is impractical for many Hindus, some are absolutely no use of the product made with cowhide. Some states have banned cow slaughter in places of pilgrimage or in entire regions where Hindus are attached to the sacred cows.
Many vegetarians motivated for health reasons are also involved in the farming and / or by non-use of GMOs in food production. (In feed non-organic, European consumers indirectly consumes GMOs. Indeed, animals (poultry, pigs, cows) are partly fed corn and soybeans from the United States and Brazil. These countries practice the GM crop and GM crops and non-GMO are delivered in the same boat slips. Only organic corn and soybean, with a differentiated supply, are currently still guaranteed GMO)
Aesthetic
Some people find meat unappetizing, especially raw, and just prefer not to consume animal flesh for cosmetic reasons or emotional. Others will find the simple beauty of being a vegetarian. Also, some vegetarians believe a vegetarian, eating foods from plants, has a better body odor 201 .
Taste
Some people dislike the taste of meat consumption and leave for this reason 202 . This motivation, however, minority, and some food for vegetarians reproduce the taste or texture of meat (tempeh, tofu prepared, textured soy) 203 , as some processes alter or conceal the taste of meat (marinades, sauces etc..) Indeed, some people are sensitive to different tastes of meat, and generally do not support the flavor of game, red meat, sheep meat (very strong, it is up to generate a feeling of sickness) .
For vegetarians family tradition
For vegetarians who are, as born into a vegetarian family (which constitutes a large proportion of vegetarians around the world, because of tradition Hindu ), the taste of the meat does not taste good 204 , brings no pleasure (the first ingestion of meat are also followed by vomiting ), and the smell of cooked animal flesh (those of mammals, birds, fish, etc..) is actually very unpleasant to smell of vegetarian born: this is due to the fact that the palace and the senses develop their skills and preferences primarily in childhood, and in so doing vegetarian children take more pleasure in hand-to-eat vegetables disliked by children born into a family practicing zoophagie 204 .
The Mahatma Gandhi says that in his teens, he was persuaded to eat meat goat by a fellow nationalist and conviction (the English dominating the Indians, according to his friend, because zoophagous ): it gave him no pleasure, and gave him nightmares in which he saw himself reincarnated as a goat killed by a butcher 204 .
Because of the unpleasant odor induced by the cooked animal flesh for vegetarians birth and ill-being posed to the Indian animal rights or antispéciste vision of meat, buildings in India, Mumbai in particular, offer apartments in areas where only vegetarian (any religion) are allowed to house 205 .
Reviews
Moralization of food practice
If criticism of high levels of meat consumption in Western societies is based, the absolute prohibition on vegetarianism pop up display operated by the ingestion of meat is, like all absolute, seen by some as a moral vision, and as such, may be subject to criticisms of traditional moral imperatives (universalist temptation, potential intolerance, etc..) 206 . The philosopher Dominique Lestel , vegetarians in line with the antispécisme , (and the Hinduism of Jainism and Buddhism ), separate from the “animal” by making humans the only animal omnivore refusing meat consumption resulting in souffances related to farming suspension lift or logging, while the man zoophagous assume a kind “animal” 207 , although the term “animal” has been challenged by the philosopher Jacques Derrida , in his book The Animal that therefore I am , which reflected the idea that man is not a “robot” that must follow a “program” because it can (that is to say, be omnivorous , because the body allows it: culturally, the meat consumed are different – there are slaughterhouses for dogs and cats in China for example, practice of cannibalism in Papua New Guinea , refusing meat consumption among Jews and Muslims, the food consumption of insects is nonexistent in Europe but not in Asia, etc..), but is an animal culture (“nature deferred”), who built his human universe from its own download free ringtones understanding of the world the surrounds and is still – nature (“deferred Culture”) – because he wants (the philosopher Elisabeth de Fontenay , in the silence of animals , believes that any definition of “own rights” or a “nature or human essence”, is dangerous (and only European origin), excluding those who do not fit this definition to be relegated to a lesser humanity, bringing the lot – often dubious – the “animal”, a term too general to be valid for a philosophical point of view).
Vitamin B12 deficiency
A deficiency of vitamin B12 may be the result of a diet vegan (thus excluding eggs, cheese, milk, honey etc..) without supplements [ref. required] (it takes at least four to six years of a regime vegan strictly for deficient B12). While all foods from the animal kingdom contain adequate amounts of B12, some plants contain enough 208 . Some products, like spirulina, are sometimes presented as excellent sources of Vitamin B12, which is not the case. They do not contain vitamin B12 active form ( cobalamin ) 209 . However, a range of foods have added vitamins to cereals such as steaks, soft drinks, some soya milks , pot , vegemite . B12 supplements such as vitamin pills are often prepared from slaughterhouse waste [ref. needed] and therefore not suitable for vegans and vegetarians, although the number of brands that contain no animal products increases [ref. required] .
A study by Dr. Helga Refsum of 204 Indian men of 48 years on average, payday loans of which one third of vegetarians among them, shows that vitamin B12 deficiency was observed among those tria laser hair removal reviews who regularly ate eggs and poultry and therefore in non vegetarian 210 . The review found that only 10% of subjects studied had normal vitamin B12 and, more importantly, that 52% of participants showed an actual deficit. The authors of this study now focused their research on a possible genetic origin of these deficits observed in vitamin B12.
In culture
Literature
In the novel René Barjavel Night of the time , the heroine is horrified to learn that humans today “eat the beast.” Indeed, the people it belongs to does not use animals, except for marginal or antisocial living outside the system.
In the saga Diary of a Princess by Meg Cabot, the heroine is a vegetarian.
In the cycle of Legacy , the hero becomes a vegetarian during his training in Dracaena Elves, who are themselves lacto-ovo-vegetarians. It will eventually be a sprained his meatless diet when in the middle of the desert, it will have no choice but to sacrifice the lives of two lizards to survive the crossing.
In the saga of the Knights of Emerald and its sequel, The Heirs of Enkidiev , Elves and Fairies, even those who are Knights, are vegetarians. Kevin Knight, after he got rid of Asbeth sorcerer who had made him mutate (which has resolved the death of the sorcerer) which made exclusively carnivorous and Crudi-blind in bright light, it becomes vegetarian at the urging of his wife Maïwen (a fairy) and her children and will eventually get used to this new regime.
Cinema
In the film The Great Dictator , the hero, Jewish barber played by Charlie Chaplin , is a vegetarian, hence the dialogue: – I thought you were Aryan? – I am a vegetarian.
In the movie Seven Pounds with Will Smith , the heroine is a vegetarian and said his dog is too.
The respective heroes of horror films The Midnight Meat Train and Hostel are vegetarians.
In the movie Terror in the savanna , one of the heroines is a vegetarian.
In the film The Green Ray , the protagonist refuses to meat meal, and is justifiable before his friends.
In the movie Wrong Turn 2 , one of the heroines is a vegetarian.
In the film La Belle Verte , by and with Coline Serreau , Mila and her whole community are vegetarian.
In the movie The Last Song , Veronica (role played by Miley Cyrus ) is a vegetarian.
TV
In the television series The Simpsons , Lisa Simpson is a vegetarian.
In the TV show Friends , Phoebe is vegetarian.
In the television series Avatar: The Last Airbender , Aang is a vegetarian.
In the television series The Goode Family , the whole family is vegetarian.
In the TV movie and series Dinotopia , dinosaurs and humans do not consume animals other than tyrannosaurs (still wild species) on the one hand and humans on the margins of society such as the robbers, on the other.
In the television series ” Glee , Rachel Berry is vegetarian
